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An autonomous and guided crowd in panic situations
Keywords:
Crowd model, Behavioural animation, Autonomous agent, Evacuation simulation, Guided crowdAbstract
This paper describes a model for simulating crowds in real time. We deal with the hierarchy of the crowd, groups and individuals. The groups are the most complex structure that can be controlled in different degrees of autonomy. The autonomy means that the virtual agents are independent of the user intervention. Depending on the complexity of the simulation, some simple behaviors can be sufficient to simulate crowds. Otherwise, more complicated behaviors rules can be necessary in order to improve the realism of the animation. We present two different ways for controlling crowd behaviors: - by defining behavior rules, to give intelligence to the agent. By providing an external control to guide crowd behaviors, this control is done by the user or by an autonomous agent called the guide. The main contribution of our approach is to combine these two ways of behaviors (autonomous, guide) in order to simulate the evacuation of a crowd in emergency situations. Many strategies of evacuation have been implemented and we will demonstrate that in most situations, the guided method decrease the average escape time and increase the chance of survival in emergency situations.
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References
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[11] Murakami, Y.; Ishida, T.; Kawasoe, T.; and Hishiyama, R., 2003. “ Scenario Description for Multi-Agent Simulation.” International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems ( AAMAS 2003), pp 369-376, 2003.
[12] Musse, S. R., Garat, F. and Thalmann, D., 1999. "Guiding and Interacting with Virtual Crowds in Real Time". Proceedings of Workshop Eurographics Computer Animation and Simulation. Milan, Italy, 1999.
[13] Musse, S. R. and Thalmann, D., 2001. "Hierachical Model for Real Time Simulation of Virtual Human Crowds”. IEEE Transactions on Visualisation and Computer Graphics, vol. 7, n. 2, pp 152-164. April-June, 2001.
[14] Musse, S. R. Da Silva, A., T. ; Roth, B. ; Hardt, K.; Baros, M. L.; Tonietto, L.; Borba, M. H.; Rolin, T. A.; Felipe L. and Moura R., 2003. “ PetroSim – A Framework to Simulate Crowds Behaviors in Panic Situations.” In MAS 2003 – The International Workshop on Modeling and Applied Simulation, October, 2003, Bergeggi – Italy
[15] Noser. H., 1996. “A Behavioral Animation System Based on L-Systems and Syntetic Sensors for actors.” PhD Thesis, EPFL. (Lausanne, Switzerland, 1996).
[16] Reynolds, C. W.,1987. “ Flocks, Herds, and Schools : A Distributed Behavioral Model “, Proceedings of SIGGRAPH ’87, Computer Graphics, 21(4), pages 25-34, July 1987.
[17] Reynolds, C. W., 1999. “ Steering Behaviors For Autonomous Characters “, GDC 99. pp. 763-782 A. Yu (Ed.) (Miller Freeman, San Fransisco, 1999).
[18] Sanza C., 2001. “Evolution d'entités virtuelles coopératives par systèmes de classifieurs“, Thèse de Doctorat, Université Paul Sabatier (Toulouse), juin, 2001
[19] Thompson, P., Lindstrom, H., Ohlsson, P., and Thompson, S., 2003. “Simulex: Analysis and Changes for IMO Compliance,” Proceedings of 2nd International Conference: Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics, pp. 173-184, 2003
[20] Tu, X. and Terzopoulos, D.,1994. “Artificial Fishes :physics, locomotion, perception, behavior", SIGGRAPH 94 Conference Proceedings, pp 43-50, Orlando, FL, USA,1994
[21] Wei, S. and Terzopoulos, D., 2005. " Autonomous Pedestrians" Eurographics/ ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on Computer Animation K. Anjyo, P. Faloutsos (Editors), 2005
[2] Ashida, K. et al., 2001 “Pedestrians: Creating Agent Behaviors through Statistical Analysis of Observation Data. Computer Animation2001, National Seoul University, Nov.7-8, 2001.
[3] Becheiraz.P., 1998 “Un Modèle Comportemental et Emotionnel pour l’Animation d’Acteurs Virtuels.”PhDThesis, EPFL. Lausanne, Switzerland, 1998.
[4] Bouvier, E.; Cohen E.; and Najman. L., 1997. "From crowd simulation to airbag deployment: particle systems, a new paradigm of simulation". Journal of Electronic Imaging 6(1), pp 94-107, January 1997.
[5] Brogan, D. and Hodgins, 1997 J. “Group Behaviours for Systems with Significant Dynamics”. Autonomous Robots, 4, pp 137-153, 1997.
[6] Brogan, D.C., Metoyer, R.A. and Hodgins, J.K., 1998. "Dynamically simulated characters in virtual environments". In IEEE C. G. A.. Vol.18, No5, pp 58-69. Sept. 1998.
[7] Ferreira, F. P., Musse, S. R. and Gelatti ,G., 2000. Intelligent Virtual Environment and Camera control in Behavioural Simulation. In SIBGRAPI 2002
[8] Helbing, D.; Farkas, I. and Vicsek, T., 2000. “Simulating Dynamical Features of Escape Panic”. Nature, v. 407, pp. 487-490, 2000.
[9] Helbing, D.; Farkas, I.; Molnar, P. and Vicsek, T., 2001. “Simulating of Pedestrian Crowds in Normal and Evacuation Situations. In M.Schreckenberg, S.D. Sharma(ed.) Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics. Springer Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg, pp. 21-58, 2001.
[10] Mataric, M. J., 1994. “Learning to Behave Socially, in D. Cliff, P. Husbands, J.A. Meyer& S.Wilson, eds, From Animals to Animats: International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior, pp.453-462. 1994.
[11] Murakami, Y.; Ishida, T.; Kawasoe, T.; and Hishiyama, R., 2003. “ Scenario Description for Multi-Agent Simulation.” International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems ( AAMAS 2003), pp 369-376, 2003.
[12] Musse, S. R., Garat, F. and Thalmann, D., 1999. "Guiding and Interacting with Virtual Crowds in Real Time". Proceedings of Workshop Eurographics Computer Animation and Simulation. Milan, Italy, 1999.
[13] Musse, S. R. and Thalmann, D., 2001. "Hierachical Model for Real Time Simulation of Virtual Human Crowds”. IEEE Transactions on Visualisation and Computer Graphics, vol. 7, n. 2, pp 152-164. April-June, 2001.
[14] Musse, S. R. Da Silva, A., T. ; Roth, B. ; Hardt, K.; Baros, M. L.; Tonietto, L.; Borba, M. H.; Rolin, T. A.; Felipe L. and Moura R., 2003. “ PetroSim – A Framework to Simulate Crowds Behaviors in Panic Situations.” In MAS 2003 – The International Workshop on Modeling and Applied Simulation, October, 2003, Bergeggi – Italy
[15] Noser. H., 1996. “A Behavioral Animation System Based on L-Systems and Syntetic Sensors for actors.” PhD Thesis, EPFL. (Lausanne, Switzerland, 1996).
[16] Reynolds, C. W.,1987. “ Flocks, Herds, and Schools : A Distributed Behavioral Model “, Proceedings of SIGGRAPH ’87, Computer Graphics, 21(4), pages 25-34, July 1987.
[17] Reynolds, C. W., 1999. “ Steering Behaviors For Autonomous Characters “, GDC 99. pp. 763-782 A. Yu (Ed.) (Miller Freeman, San Fransisco, 1999).
[18] Sanza C., 2001. “Evolution d'entités virtuelles coopératives par systèmes de classifieurs“, Thèse de Doctorat, Université Paul Sabatier (Toulouse), juin, 2001
[19] Thompson, P., Lindstrom, H., Ohlsson, P., and Thompson, S., 2003. “Simulex: Analysis and Changes for IMO Compliance,” Proceedings of 2nd International Conference: Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics, pp. 173-184, 2003
[20] Tu, X. and Terzopoulos, D.,1994. “Artificial Fishes :physics, locomotion, perception, behavior", SIGGRAPH 94 Conference Proceedings, pp 43-50, Orlando, FL, USA,1994
[21] Wei, S. and Terzopoulos, D., 2005. " Autonomous Pedestrians" Eurographics/ ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on Computer Animation K. Anjyo, P. Faloutsos (Editors), 2005
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Published
2007-04-02
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[1]
“An autonomous and guided crowd in panic situations”, JCS&T, vol. 7, no. 02, pp. p. 134–140, Apr. 2007, Accessed: Oct. 10, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://journal.info.unlp.edu.ar/JCST/article/view/783
